冬小麦叶片水势、气孔阻力、蒸腾速率与环境因素的关系

本文依据田间试验资料,分析了冬小麦叶片水势、气孔阻力和蒸腾速率在不同土壤基质势条件下的日变化规律,探讨了其与土壤基质势和天气条件(光照强度、净辐射、饱和差、气温)之间的关系,建立了叶片水势、气孔阻力、蒸腾速率与环境因素间的定量关系式。     

Is partial root-zone drying an effective irrigation technique to improve water use efficiency and fruit quality in field-grown wine grapes under semiarid conditions?

We investigated the effects of partial root-zone drying (PRD) applied at different periods on leaf water relations, vegetative development, fruit yield, must and wine quality in wine grapes (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Monastrell) during a 3-year field experiment in order to determine the importance of the timing of PRD application on physiological and agronomical vine response under semiarid conditions. Two irrigation treatments were applied: conventional drip irrigation (CI) and PRD. Both treatments received the same annual water quantity. Each year the PRD treatment was applied at different periods of the growth cycle. In 1999 PRD was applied from veraison to harvest (end July–early September); in 2000 from fruit set to harvest (mid June–early September); and in 2001 PRD from budburst to harvest (mid April–early September). Leaf water relations and gas exchange during the experimental period were not significantly affected by PRD treatment. In 1999 and 2000 there was no significant treatment effect on vegetative development, yield or fruit quality. However, in 2001 (when PRD was applied from budburst to harvest), reproductive and vegetative development was clearly altered in PRD vines. Fruit set percentage and vegetative development (shoot length, pruning weight and primary and lateral leaf area) were significantly increased in PRD vines compared to CI. This resulted in both higher yield (kg per vine) (43%) and water use efficiency (40%) compared to CI vines. Berry number per cluster and cluster weight were also significantly increased in PRD vines. Notwithstanding higher yield in PRD vines and a similar berry size, the must and wine quality was not significantly altered, indicating a higher synthesis and accumulation of photoassimilates and metabolites in the berries of PRD vines. We conclude that there was an positive effect on vegetative and reproductive growth when long-term PRD was applied from the beginning of growing season (budburst), suggesting that early onset of PRD is desirable to intensify PRD response under these semiarid conditions. Nevertheless from these results we need to further investigate the long- and short-term effects of PRD, with moderate water amounts, on vegetative and reproductive development such as flowering and fruit set processes in wine grapes.     

Effect of salinity on water stress, growth, and yield of maize and sunflower

Maize and sunflower were grown in tanks filled with loam and clay, and were irrigated with water of three different levels of salinity. Predawn leaf-water potential and stomatal conductance were used as parameters for water stress. The predawn leaf-water potential of maize was higher than that of sunflower, but the effect of salinity and soil texture on the predawn leaf-water potential was the same for both crops. The stomatal conductance of sunflower was much higher and more severely affected by salinity and soil texture than the stomatal conductance of maize.

Although salinity had a more serious effect on the development of leaf area and canopy dry matter of sunflower, its effect on evapotranspiration and grain yield was the same for both crops. Soil texture had a stronger effect on the development of leaf area and canopy dry matter of sunflower, which also appeared in the evapotranspiration and grain yield, indicating that sunflower is more sensitive to drought than maize.     

钢板弹簧疲劳分析

传统的钢板弹簧强度分析中,多是借助简化的力学模型,基于材料力学的小挠度梁的线弹性理论进行计算,计算中的假设条件和计算方法与钢板弹簧实际情况不尽相符,计算结果存在误差。在钢板弹簧的结构应力计算基础上,通过建立钢板弹簧装配及加载状态的精确有限元模型,并考虑片间的非线性接触,在交变载荷作用下,计算得到钢板弹簧接近实际工况的应力循环,然后利用其S N曲线,基于Miner线性累计损伤准则计算其疲劳寿命。通过钢板弹簧的实际疲劳试验,验证了模型计算结果的正确性。     

杨树新无性系苗期叶面形态指标测试

通过在黑龙江省牡丹江市4个地点,对杨树14个品种的苗期叶面8项性状指标进行测试,综合评价试验结果[1]表明:单株叶面积以中M为最大,中H、LC、LB、01号杨次之;单株叶重以中M为最重,LC、中H、01、LB号杨次之;不同品种间单株叶面积、单株叶重、单叶面积等8项指标均存在显著差异,而且地点×品种交互作用差异也极显著。     

乙矮合剂对不同密度夏玉米花粒期叶片氮素同化与早衰的影响

为探讨乙矮合剂调控夏玉米氮素同化和防止后期早衰的生理机制,为建立华北夏玉米区密植高产稳产化学调控技术提供理论依据,2013—2014年在中国农业科学院新乡试验站,以中单909和浚单20为材料,设置乙矮合剂(ECK)和密度梯度处理,研究密度梯度对花后玉米穗位叶氮同化特征和早衰的影响,以及ECK的化学调控效应。结果表明,灌浆期(花后0~40 d),穗位叶硝酸还原酶(NR)活性和谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)活性随密度增加而显著下降;灌浆后期(花后30~40 d),谷草转氨酶(GOT)和谷丙转氨酶(GPT)活性随种植密度增加而显著降低。穗位叶叶绿素相对含量、可溶性蛋白含量和游离氨基酸含量在灌浆中后期(花后20~40 d)随种植密度增加而显著降低;两品种产量在7.5万株hm–2密度达最大值,7.5~10.5万株hm–2密度群体产量下降,高密群体易发生早衰。ECK处理显著提高了各密度群体灌浆中后期(花后20~40 d)穗位叶NR活性、GS活性、游离氨基酸含量、可溶性蛋白含量和叶绿素含量;显著提高了高密群体(7.5~10.5万株hm–2)GOT活性和GPT活性;较高密群体下(7.5~10.5万株hm–2),中单909和浚单20较各自对照的增产幅度分别为5.59%~6.63%和6.73%~8.10%。ECK处理提高了高密群体夏玉米穗位叶片氮代谢关键酶活性及其产物含量,保证密植群体氮代谢正常进行,有效防止早衰及提高产量。综上所述,采用合理的种植密度并结合喷施乙矮合剂可作为华北夏玉米区高产栽培的重要技术措施。     

紧凑型玉米株型及生理特性研究

紧凑型玉米各叶片长度在茎杆上的空间分布呈近似纺锤型,叶角度较平展型小,叶向值也大,其受光姿态优于平展型.紧凑型米玉对CO_2同化强度、根系吸收强度比平展型大;硝酸还原酶活性比平展型高.紧凑型玉米具有体内氮素代谢旺盛,后期不早衰,籽粒灌浆快,粒重高,单株生产力大和适宜密植等优点.选育和推广高光效紧凑型玉米杂交种是今后玉米高产的主要途径.     

甘蓝型油菜叶片和角果气体交换参数差异的比较

为探究油菜叶片与角果间光合特性的差异,以双低高油甘蓝型油菜杂交种秦优7号为材料,在不同光照、CO2浓度、温度和一日之内不同时间点等条件下比较了叶片和角果间气体交换参数的差别,结果显示:叶片和角果的气体交换参数随光强、CO2浓度、温度、一日之内时间的变化趋势基本相同。在同等光照条件下,叶片的净光合速率、气孔导度、水分利用效率和气孔限制值均高于角果,而胞间CO2浓度蒸腾速率低于角果;叶片的光饱和点、光补偿点、光呼吸速率明显比角果低,而光量子效率显著高于角果。在同等CO2浓度条件下叶片的净光合速率、水分利用效率、气孔限制值均明显高于角果,而胞间CO2浓度低于角果;叶片的CO2饱和点、CO2补偿点均比角果低,而羧化效率则显著高于角果。叶片进行光合反应的最适温度低于角果,在各自最适和相同温度范围内叶片的净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、气孔限制值均明显高于角果,而叶片的胞间CO2浓度、水分利用效率则比角果明显降低。在整个日变化范围内叶片的净光合速率、气孔导度、气孔限制值、水分利用效率明显比角果高,而叶片的胞间CO2浓度、蒸腾速率则明显比角果低。     

小麦叶片氮含量与冠层反射光谱指数的定量关系

本文以3种蛋白质类型的小麦品种在不同施氮水平下的3年田间试验为基础，研究了小麦叶片氮含量与冠层反射光谱的定量关系。结果显示，不同试验中拔节后叶片氮含量均随施氮水平呈上升趋势，同时冠层光谱反射率在不同施氮水平下存在明显差异。对于低、中、高籽粒蛋白质含量的品种，叶片氮含量与冠层反射光谱的归一化植被指数NDVI (1 220, 710)和红边位置均有密切的定量关系，决定系数在0.80左右。对于不同品质类型小麦品种，均可利用统一的回归方程描述其叶片氮含量随反射光谱参数的变化，对于低蛋白类型品种，采用单独的回归系数即可提高叶片氮含量估测的准确性。本研究确立的小麦叶片氮含量与冠层反射光谱的定量关系可用于不同的小麦品种、生育时期和施氮水平，为小麦氮素营养的监测诊断与精确施肥等提供理论依据和技术途径。     

Solar radiation interception and canopy expansion of sweet corn in response to phosphorus

Insufficient phosphorus (P) availability decreases the yield of Zea mays, particularly for sweet corn crops grown in cool environments. This research examined the mechanisms of yield reductions with initial emphasis on canopy expansion processes that affect the interception of solar radiation. Experiments in two consecutive seasons (2001/2002 and 2002/2003) were grown at a low P site (Olsen P = 6 μg ml⁻¹) at Lincoln, New Zealand. Each experiment contained five rates of P application. In 2001/2002 rates of 0, 50, 100, 150, or 200 kg P ha⁻¹ were applied. In 2002/2003 an additional 0, 0, 10, 20 or 40 kg P ha⁻¹ was applied to the same plots producing total P treatments of 0, 50, 110, 170 or 240 kg P ha⁻¹ summed over the two seasons.When P availability was limited (0 or 50 kg P ha⁻¹) the rates of leaf tip and fully expanded leaf appearance were slower in both seasons. Phyllochrons (°Cd leaf tip⁻¹) were 5 °Cd longer in crops that received 0 kg P ha⁻¹ than those fertilised with ≥100 kg P ha⁻¹. The area of individual leaves was also reduced by low P inputs but the ranking of leaf area by main stem leaf position was conservative. The leaf area of the largest leaf of the unfertilised crops was at least 22% less than the maximum measured leaf area in both seasons. In contrast, P fertiliser application had no effect on leaf senescence.The rate of leaf appearance per plant, individual leaf area and plant population were integrated to calculate green leaf area index (GLAI) and to estimate accumulated radiation interception (RI_cum) for these crops. The total RI_cum throughout the season in the unfertilised crops was 12–28% less than for those crops that received ≥100 kg P ha⁻¹ in both seasons. This difference partly explained the differences in crop biomass production in response to P availability. A sensitivity analysis showed that RI_cum was equally sensitive to changes of the rate of leaf appearance and the area of individual leaves in response to P supply. Both processes need to be incorporated in mechanistic models of P effects on Z. mays which can be used to design efficient P fertiliser strategies.